目  录
摘要…………………………………………………………………………… 1
第1章  引言……………………………………………………………………… 4
第2章  材料的制备及电流变性能研究………………………………………… 9
§2.1二氧化钛体系……………………………………………………… 11
§2.2草酸氧钛钡体系……………………………………………………… 30
§2.3钛酸锶体系………………………………………………………… 31
§2.4氧化铝与碘化锂体系……………………………………………… 35
§2.5钛酸铅体系………………………………………………………… 37
§2.6电气石体系…………………………………………………………… 39
§2.7混合氧化物体系……………………………………………………… 44
第3章  结论……………………………………………………………………… 47
 
参考文献 ……………………………………………………………………… 49
 
摘   要

电流变材料可以应用于机器人控制领域，制作液压阀、阻尼装置等，因此已经吸引了越来越多的研究者的关注。为了清楚地了解电流变效应的机理，获得符合工程应用要求的优良电流变材料，人们已经研究了无机材料、有机材料、复合材料等体系。本论文从当前国内外的研究状况，结合本实验室的前期工作，合成七个体系（二氧化钛体系、草酸氧钛钡体系、钛酸锶体系、氧化铝与碘化锂体系、钛酸铅体系、电气石体系、混合氧化物体系）的电流变材料，研究了它们的电流变效应，并且利用电流变测试、XRD分析、BET表面分析和介电性质测试等，研究了材料的组成、微观结构、表面性质和介电性能等对材料电流变效应的影响。
我们的研究结果包括以下几个方面：① 晶体结构对材料的电流变性能有重要影响，例如，在250~550℃间处理得到的二氧化钛（锐钛相）有着较好的电流变效应，而处理温度在650℃以上时，二氧化钛（金红石相）的性能大大降低；② 改变材料的比表面积（特别是孔体积）有可能改善材料的电流变性能，当粒子组成和结构一致，样品粒径不是太小时，比表面积（包括孔的表面积）越大，电流变性能越好；③ 介电性质（尤其是介电损耗）和电导率对材料的电流变性能有决定性作用，一般电流变性能好的样品具有较大的介电损耗和较大的电导率；④ 金属离子掺杂可能使材料的晶格扭曲，从而改变其表面性质和介电性质，因此，有可能改善材料的电流变性能；⑤ 掺杂的金属离子不同，对材料电流变性能的调节作用不同，掺杂同样的金属离子时，掺杂量也有很大的影响，适当的掺杂可以提高材料的的电流变性能，掺杂量过高时，可能会降低材料的电流变活性。
在所研究的几个体系中，只有二氧化钛体系有较好的电流变效应，其它体系的电流变性能差，而且其中有的体系存在漏电电流大、损伤仪器等问题，不宜继续研究。

关键词：电流变材料 电流变效应 掺杂 二氧化钛 草酸氧钛钡 钛酸锶 氧化铝 碘化锂 钛酸铅 电气石 混合氧化物 介电常数 介电损耗 比表面积
Abstract

Electrorheological (ER) materials have caught more and more attention due to its potential applications in mechanical applications, such as robotic controlling systems, hydraulic valves and damping devices.  In order to understand clearly the mechanism of the electrorheolagical effect and obtain good ER materials which are suitable in practical application, the inorganic, organic and composite materials and so on, have been studied. Considering the investigation status in ER materials, and based on the early research in our laboratory, in this paper, seven types of ER materials, TiO2, BaTiO(C2O4)2, SrTiO3, Al2O3+LiI, PbTiO3, tourmaline and composite oxides, were synthesized, their ER properties and the influence of the composition, microstructure, surface area and dielectric properties on ER effect of a material were studied by ER test, XRD, BET surface analyses and dielectric property analyses for the samples.
  The results show that：① The crystal structure type plays a predominant role in influencing the ER performance of a material. The pure TiO2 (anatase) obtained at 250~550℃ has better ER effect than that (rutile) roasted above 550℃, and the ER activity falls down with increasing rutile phase. ② The surface area and pore volume (surface area of the pores, essentially) are important factors in determining the ER effect of a particle material. When the particles share the same composition and crystal structure type, and the grains are not very small, the larger is the surface area, the better is the ER effect. ③ The dielectric loss of a material plays a more important role than its dielectric constant, in influencing the ER effect of a particle material. In a general way, the material, which has better ER property, possesses larger dielectric loss and conductivity. ④The ER performance of a material can be enhanced by doping some metal ions which can induce the lattice distortion and defects, due to the modification in the dielectric and conduction properties of the material. ⑤ The ER property can vary with the kinds of doping metal ions, and the effect of doping degree of the metal ions on ER property of a material can not ignored, generally, there is a optimal value on the doping degree, and the ER activity of the material would decrease when the doping degree beyond it.
The TiO2 system exhibited the best ER effect among all studied systems. The ER effect of the materials in other systems is lower, and there are the defects, such as rigid particles that can damage the apparatus and larger leak current in an electric field, for some materials among them.

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