【摘要 (中文/英文)】 国家问题是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分,随着社会的发展与时代的变迁,马克思主义的国家理论只有在分析、解决现实问题的过程中才能得到坚持与发展。国家职能问题也是当代政治学、政治哲学所关注的重要问题,依据马克思主义的国家理论,探讨当代中国国家职能所发生的变化及其原因,具有重大的政治实践意义和理论意义。 国家职能是本文的重要概念基础,因此,在引言中首先对马克思主义国家理论的国家职能进行了初步分析和界定。一是阐述了国家本质与国家职能之间的联系,指出国家职能终归是国家本质的体现,国家始终是维护特定阶级统治的特定工具,无论在何时何地讨论国家职能问题都不能偏离国家的阶级本质。二是阐明了国家职能与政府职能之间的联系与区别,指出国家职能与政府职能是两个不同的学科概念,国家职能拥有着更全面、更广泛、更丰富的内容,政府职能问题可以被当作国家职能问题的一个部分,它包含在国家职能问题之中。 文章的第二部分主要分析当代中国国家职能发生的变化。首先,对改革开放以前的中国国家职能的演变进行了简单的梳理,指出...更多ss=Mark>改革开放以前总体上强调国家的政治职能,社会职能处于次要的或从属的地位;并且国家的职能主要以消极的“防御”与“斗争”为特征。其次,分析了1978年改革开放以来中国国家职能发生的变化,指出随着中国现代化进程的迅速推进,国家在社会领域中的作用越来越突出,从过去的“专政”转向了现在的“民主”;与此同时,发生的另一重大变化,是在对外关系中由改革开放前的“冷战”与“对抗”走向了改革开放以后的“合作”与“发展”。 第三部分重点解析当代中国国家职能发生变化的原因。本文主要解析了两大原因:一是内在动因——实现现代化。正是现代化的内在驱动,使中国进行了史无前例的体制改革,由传统的社会主义计划经济转变为社会主义市场经济,国家的职能伴随这一体制转变而发生变化。 二是外在动因——全球化的浪潮。自二十世纪八十年代以来,全球化的浪潮席卷了全世界的各个角落。在市场化的改革潮流与跨国公司的推动下,全球化尤其表现为经济的全球化。中国的改革开放,一方面使自身主动融入全球化的进程,另一方面又必须要求自身积极回应和面对全球化带来的诸多挑战。对国家而言,全球化带来的最大挑战莫过于国家安全、国家主权弱化的问题。如何在全球化的进程中,提高国家的安全与主权地位,同时又能够与世界上的其他国家保持一种和平与发展的关系,成为当代中国国家职能转向迫切需要解决的问题。 本文的第四部分对当代中国国家职能的未来发展及优化的路径进行了探讨。在分析当代中国国家职能今后将朝着职能结构越来越稳定和优化的方向发展时,提出了优化国家职能的途径。今后我国国家职能优化的首要路径是进一步完善社会主义市场经济、大力推进社会主义民主政治建设,积极支持与鼓励民间组织力量、提高国家公共服务水平等。 

 The theory of state is the core of the Marxist theory, with changes in the times and development of society, the Marx's state theory only in analyzing and solving practical problems, can be added and be developed in this process. The theory of state functions is the important issues of political science and political philosophy. So, exploring the development and changes in state functions has great practical significance of the political theory and political theoretical meanings. "State functions" is an important conceptual basis of this paper, so I firstly give the analysis and definition of the Marxist theory of state functions in the introduction of this paper. On the one hand, there is a close tie between state essence and state functions, state functions show the essence of state, the state has always been a particular tool which is used by rulers to safeguard the domination of the ruling class. No matter when and where to discuss state functions problems, we can not ignore state essence; On the other hand, the conception of government functions is different from the conception of state functions, they are two different disciplines' issues. The problem of state functions is more comprehensive, more extensive and richer than the problem of government functions. Therefore, the functions of the government can be treated as a part of state functions. It is included in the range of state functions. The second part of this paper mainly analysis the changes of contemporary Chinese state functions. Firstly, the author combed the development of the state functions of China before her reform and opening. We can find that state's political function is the core of state's internal functions, and state's social function is the subordinate state functions. At the same time, "defensive" and "struggle" are China's external functions' two features. Secondly, the author discussed the changes of contemporary China's state functions after 1978, pointing out that with China's development and modernization process, China's state functions inclined to the social field, and the state functions in political field had a great changes: from "dictatorship" to "democracy". Contemporary China's external functions also had great change: from "hostile" and "confrontation" to "development" And "cooperation." The third part focuses on the reasons of the changes of contemporary China's state functions. This paper interprets two reasons: The first reason is the internal driving force—realizing modernization. Because this internal driving force, our country's specific economic, political and institutional changes become the internal needs and objective trend of the national development and progress. Institutional changes include the transition of planned economy system to socialist market economic system and the reform and progress of the political system. With these changes, contemporary China's state functions go through a series of changes, this is the "intrinsic factors" of China's state functions' changes. The second reason is the trend of globalization. This is the "external factors". Globalization mainly manifests as economic globalization, and the globalization of capital is its essence. In order to have a better development, it is necessary to integrate into the globalization process, to play its important role in this world. Because China is a socialist country, she also needs to face and deal with the negative influences which are brought by globalization. All the changes in various fields brought by globalization require contemporary China's state functions change and adjustment to integrate into the current era, seize the rare opportunities for development and meet the real challenges of survival. The fourth part gives contemporary China's state functions a further study to analysis the trend of the development of China's state functions and optimization of the state functions, etc. The institutional innovation will play a key role in reforming and improving China's state functions. This is the future fundamental methods and guiding ideology of constructing our state functions. Specifically speaking, the future of China's optimization of her state functions is to further improve the socialist market economy, continue to promote the building of socialist democratic politics, and vigorously support and encourage the development and prosperity of Chinese civil society, coordinate social conflicts, improve public services. At the same time, China should actively participate in international affairs, bear international responsibility, and resolutely safeguard state sovereignty and national security in order to establish a good image of a big socialist country. Under the wave of reform and opening up and globalization, China must withstand the pressures, give full play of her state functions, and eventually realize national modernization.

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