内容提要:苔丝标志着新的农业工人新形象的诞生。尽管思想上具有软弱性,但在灾难面前表现出来的刚毅和自我牺牲的献身精神,使她成为一个富有悲剧力量的人物。安玑·克莱是资产阶级虚伪道德的形象,在哲学意义上是一个理想主义者。他思想上具有矛盾性,那脱离客观现实的理想主义的爱情,是现实同理想发生矛盾的结果。亚雷·德伯是依*商业致富的资产者和暴发户形象,他是同安玑·克莱这个“精神的人”相对照的“肉欲的人”,他对苔丝的玩弄,展示了资产阶级宗教的伪善。安玑崇拜,倾慕和追求她,在精神上摧残她,亚雷·德伯用卑鄙可耻的手段把她占为己有。在他们身上,展现了人性的多重性,他们从精神和肉体上绞杀了苔丝。苔丝视安玑为天神,视亚雷为恶魔,但她始终无法挣脱资本主义文明社会的天罗地网。如果说亚雷残暴地毁灭了苔丝的清白之身,那么安玑则是无情地伤害了苔丝的纯真之心。
亚雷和安玑从两端拉起资本主义社会的网,捕杀了苔丝,他们是扼杀苔丝的双刃剑。

关键词:《德伯家的苔丝》　人物　形象

Title: A New Interp retation of the Characters in Tess of the D’U rbervilles

Abstract: With many distinctive features, the characters in the novel Tess of the D ’U rbervilles are very imp ressive. Tess, the
heroine, is a symbolic image of a comp letely new agriculturalworker. She is the embodiment of beauty and love, daughter of the
nature, with both the traditional and modern characteristics in her. She is noble2minded, but is considered a woman offending
public decency. Although sometimesweak and feeble in her personality when confronted with the calamities, she disp lays both
fortitude, with a steadfast sp irit of the self2sacrifice. All these make her a moving and tragic figure. That isn’t only the personal
resistance, but also the demonstration of her demanding for the human rights of all the working class and the exposure of the evils
of the whole society. Angel is a rep resentative of a cap italist hypocriticalmorality and an idealist in the sense of philosophy. The
contradiction of the ideology and the lofty ideal of love divorced from reality are the contradictory results of the ideal and the real2
ity. His philandering with Tess reveals the hypocrisy of the religion. Adored and wooed byAngel, Tess is destroyed sp iritually.
Tess has been forcibly occup ied byAlec, who was a figure of an up start, bymeans of the business, in the early cap italist period.
Contrasted with Angel, the idealist, Alec was the devil of the carnal desire. All the characters show the varieties of humanity na2
ture and it is the two male characterswho had actually strangled Tess. Although being looked upon by Tess either as god or devil,
they make Tess unable to escape from the drag net of the cap italism. IfAlec could be said to have ruthlessly occup ied the purity
of her body, we may also say that itwasAngelwho hasmercilessly damaged the innocence of her mind. In a word, Angel and
Alec has cap tured, killed and destroyed Tess sp iritually and bodily.
Key words: Tess of the D’

U rbervilles　characters　images
Author: Yao Zhenp ing is associate p rofessor at the Basic CoursesDepartment of the PLA Academy of Communications(Wuhan
430010, China) , engaged in English teaching. Email: yzp68291@163. com
一
苔丝是一个遭受旧道德迫害的现代女性。“在世人眼里,是一个罪人,一个堕落的女人,一个受人供养的情妇,最终又是一个杀人犯。但是在哈代看来,苔丝的一切天
赋都是她最伟大的美质、她是一个纯洁的人”①。她天生丽质,善良纯朴,敢于自我牺牲,富有高贵的女人气质,她意志坚强,情感热烈,是美的象征和爱的化身,既代表着传统,又融合了时代的特点,具有高度的概括性、典型性和象征性。

苔丝所受的侮辱、痛苦、剥削和摧残,也就是她所代表的雇佣农民阶级在资本主义冲击下所受到的悲惨遭遇,代表着英国南部农村整个农民阶级的命运。在替父亲
送蜂窝时撞死了老马,丧失了赖以生存的经济基础,为了维持家庭生活,不得不红着脸到她所瞧不起的冒牌本家———亚雷·德伯家去工作,企图以此解决家庭的经济
问题,这就迫使苔丝走上了一条与过去完全不同的受人雇佣的路,这是她走向工人阶级的第一步。她的母亲要苔丝去认本家,苔丝坚持要穿上干活的衣服,这就是苔丝
自我意识的一种表现。“因为苔丝必须改变自己,准备变为一个工人”②。苔丝到亚雷家养鸡而失去童贞,她从田园诗般的生活进入了无产阶级劳动者的生活,变成了依*出卖劳动力挣工资的农业工人。苔丝离开亚雷后又到奶牛场当挤奶工,随时可能失业。如果说奶牛场同宗法式的自然基础还保持有某种联系的话,而这个农场则是一个完全同旧的经济关系绝缘的地方,这是现代资产阶级对农村占领的体现。

苔丝是哈代批判旧道德的人物典型。具有传统意义上的善良美德,是一个遭受旧道德迫害、逐渐具有反抗意识的现代女性的新形象。环境黑暗,使不谙世事的她遭
遇亚雷诱*而失身。社会坚持传统的偏见,认为一时的过错就是不可挽救的堕落,是犯了*淫罪,是伤风败俗,是警戒淫荡的榜样。虽受迫害遭侮辱,但她没有迫使引诱她的人———亚雷娶她为妻,反而不顾挽留,坚决离开了他。这体现了她的反抗意识,心灵的纯洁和品德的高尚。克莱的多次求爱,使她陷入内心矛盾的痛苦深渊。一方面她被克莱表面的怜悯同情所打动,另一方面她无限地崇拜克莱,“把他崇拜得五体投地,认为他只有优点,没有缺点,觉得凡是哲人、导师、朋友所有的学问知识,他没有一样不完备”。另一方面,“无论怎么样,她绝不肯贸然嫁人,免得叫丈夫娶了她以后,又后悔自己瞎了眼睛”;一方面是异常地快乐,“她爱他爱得非常地热烈,她把他看得像天神一般”,另一方面,又是十分地痛苦,因为她“自己十二分地明白”:不应该嫁给克莱。她“挣扎着,咬着牙要过严肃的独立生活”。父亲突然去世,全家无处存身。在安玑·克莱把她抛弃之后,她痛苦地生活着,为了家庭,苔丝又第二次牺牲自己,受亚雷的诱逼而同居,在绝望中求生存。她那求得自我完善的努力,使她成为基督的化身,表现出巨大的牺牲精神。苔丝竭力追求心理的,灵魂的,美好善良的东西,然而有形而无形的邪恶紧紧地包围着她,使她透不过气来。世俗的东西,是一条极大的绳索,想勒死她。她宁愿为所爱的人去死,去做他需要的一切,得到的却是他无情的抛弃! 人们苛刻地要求她像神那样完美,这是荒唐而不现实的。她采用极端的方式表达自己的爱与恨,这是一个弱女子发出的强烈抗议。

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